A global-scale assessment estimates that if mangrove foreshore dike systems were restored and established along coastlines susceptible to flooding, they could reduce expected annual damage from coastal flooding by $800 million and reduce expected affected population by 140,000 annually.
Tiggeloven, Timothy, Vincent van Zelst, Eric Mortensen, Bregje K. van Wesenbeeck, Thomas A. Worthington, Mark Spalding, Hans de Moel, and Philip J. Ward. “Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Flood Adaptation: A Global Perspective on the Potential for Hybrid Coastal Protection.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 123, no. 4 (2026): e2510980123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2510980123
